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 美国1940年订立的反颠覆法Smith Act of 1940 |
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lawerH
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作者：Anonymous 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
□385. Advocating Overthrow of Government.
Whoever knowingly or willfully advocates, abets, advises, or teaches the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying the government of the United States or the government of any State, Territory,District or Possession thereof, or the government of any political subdivision therein, by force or violence, or by the assassination of any officer of any such government; or
Whoever, with intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of any such government,prints, publishes, edits, issues, circulates, sells, distributes, or publicly displays any written or printed matter advocating, advising, or teaching the duty, necessity, desirability, or propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence, or attempts to do so; or
Whoever organizes or helps or attempts to organize any society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any such government by force or violence; or becomes or is a member of,or affiliates with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons, knowing the purposes thereof-- Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years,or both, and shall be ineligible for employment by the United States or any department or agency thereof, for the five years next following his conviction.
If two or more persons conspire to commit any offense named in this section,each shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both, and shall be ineligible for employment by the United States or any department or agency thereof, for the five years next following his conviction.
As used in this section, the terms "organizes" and "organize", with respect to any society, group, or assembly of persons, include the recruiting of new members, the forming of new units, and the regrouping or expansion of existing clubs, classes, and other units of such society, group, or assembly of persons.
中文翻译：
任何人倡导、鼓动、劝说、教唆以武力和暴力推翻破坏国家、州、地区、特区、政治分区政权的职责、必要性、正当性，或
任何人以推翻破坏上述政权目的，用印刷、出版、汇编、书刊、传播、销售、散布、或当众显示任何文字和印刷品，来倡导、鼓动、劝说、教唆以武力和暴力推翻破坏国家任何级别政权的职责、必要性、正当性，或企图如此做，或
任何人组织、帮助或企图组织任何社团、小组或集会进行教唆、倡导、鼓动以武力和暴力推翻破坏国家政权，或者在清楚其组织目的情况下加入其组织成为成员或附属成员者。
将被按此罪处罚款或处二十年以下徒刑，或罚款与徒刑并罚，并且五年内不准在政府各部门机关任职。
如果两个或两个以上人同犯此罪，每个人将被处罚款或处二十年以下徒刑，或罚款与徒刑并罚，并且每个人五年内都不准在政府各部门机关任职。
这项罪行中，“组织”定义为任何社团，小组，集会，包括发展新成员，形成新单位，重新分组，或已存这样组织的俱乐部、班组、其它单位的扩大。
说明：
Smith Act of 1940是美国在二战期间为国家安全立的法。此法与宪法第一修正案(言论自)要同时考量。在具体的判定上，以案例形式( 在三Ｋ党人有关的Brandenburg v. Ohio 395 U.S. 444 1969一案中)， 确立了现在美国法院普遍应用的Clear and Present Danger Test的原则，这原则包含了两点：
一 、 言论是鼓吹具体的违法行为，并不是鼓吹抽象理论 。
二 、 鼓吹的违法行为，在言论发表后，确实会迫切地使违法行为出现。
作者：Anonymous 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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