唐好色
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加入时间: 2006/03/20
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作者：唐好色 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
這裡提到, 希特勒上台後, 波蘭要求法國先發制人, 對德國發動戰爭, 法國拒絕. 法國拒絕後, 波蘭和德國簽訂互不侵犯條約. 這和蘇聯在英法拒絕軍事同盟後, 和德國簽訂互不侵犯條約, 如出一轍. 蘇聯至少沒有要求英法對德國發動先發制人的攻擊. 波蘭隨後威脅對立陶宛動武, 乘火打劫捷克. 波蘭佔著很多烏克蘭領土, 要到1932才和蘇聯建立外交關係. 對了, 這裡同時提到法國自掃門前雪, 聽任德國在東方擴張, 所以波蘭有很多不得已處, 但在這種情況下, 很難和蘇聯取得相互信任, 共同抵抗德國.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_%281918%E2%80%931939%29
Foreign policy proved much easier than domestic, as the major political parties all agreed that Germany was a potential threat, and that France was the natural ally of Poland. In 1925, Berlin formally recognized its post-1918 boundaries in the west, but not the east. An outraged Poland decided to exclude all German imports from its soil. Germany then did likewise for Polish goods. The ensuing trade war had huge support among the Polish population, but ultimately proved harmful to the economy. Relations with the Soviet Union remained hostile, but Pilsudski was willing to negotiate, and in 1932 the two countries finally established diplomatic relations. Shortly afterwards, Hitler came to power. The marshal knew immediately what was coming, and thus proposed that Poland join forces with France and launch a preemptive strike against Germany. The horrified French refused, and so Pilsudski began to write them off as a useless ally. He had no choice but to sign a nonaggression pact with Berlin the following year. After his death in 1935, defense minister Józef Beck called for Britain and France to both assist in a preemptive attack, but again got nowhere with the idea. At the same time, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia were allied in the Little Entente. Polish membership there could have provided additional security; however, relations with Prague were unfriendly due to border disputes, so they never reached an agreement.
The failure to establish planned alliances in Eastern Europe meant great reliance on the French, whose enthusiasm for intervention in the region waned markedly after World War I.[12] The Locarno Pact, signed in 1926 by the major West European powers with the aim of guaranteeing peace in the region, contained no guarantee of Poland's western border.[13][14] Over the next ten years, substantial friction arose between Poland and France over the Polish refusal to submit towards German demands.[15][16][17]
The Polish predicament worsened militarily in the 1930s with the advent of Hitler's openly expansionist Nazi regime in Germany and the obvious waning of France's desire to resist Germany's expansion, as long as it was eastward and not westward.[18] Piłsudski retained the French connection but had progressively less faith in its usefulness. Following a border incident in March, 1938, Poland presented an ultimatum to Lithuania, demanding the diplomatic relations between Poland and Lithuania to be re-established and the previously closed border with Poland to be opened [1]. Faced with a threat of war, the Lithuanian government accepted the Polish demands. In October, 1938, after the Munich Agreement, which ensured British and French approval, allowed Germany the right to take over areas of Czechoslovakia with a significant German minority, the so-called Sudetenland. Poland demanded Czechoslovakia to give up the Zaolzie, where Poles made about 36% of inhabitants,[19] or otherwise Poland threatened to take it by force. Faced with an ultimatum from both Poland and Germany, Czechoslovakia gave up the area (about 1% of its territory), which was taken over by Polish authorities and annexed by Poland on October 2, 1938.
Shortly thereafter, the Nazis proceeded to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia which, in March 1939, then ceased to exist. This aggression did little to repair the tensions between Poland and Germany. Earlier, Germany had proposed that Poland join the Anti-Comintern Pact and previous attempts were made by Germany to create an extraterritorial highway connecting Germany proper with Danzig and then East Prussia. Germany also pressed for the incorporation of the Danzig, separated from Germany in 1920 and functioning as a Free City in a customs union with Poland ever since.[20] Germany offered compensation for Poland's concessions by promising territory in Lithuania and Ukraine, but the Poles refused all offers.
A final German demand was prepared on the eve of hostilities where a plebiscite would be held to determine the ownership of the "Polish corridor". Only those living in the corridor prior to 1918 would be allowed to vote. The proposal called for a subsequent population exchange that would move all Germans in current Poland out of the final region declared to be "Poland".[21] The same would occur for all Poles living in what was declared, after the vote, to be "Germany". Danzig was to become part of Germany regardless of the vote, but if Germany lost, it was still guaranteed access to East Prussia through an autobahn system that it would administer, stretching from Germany proper to Danzig to East Prussia.[22] If Poland lost the vote, the corridor would go to Germany and the seaport of Gdynia would become a Polish exclave with a route connecting Poland with Gdynia. Some 421,029 Germans had constituted 42,5% of the population in 1910.[23][24][25][26]
Despite this last minute demands, Germany had already arranged for its attack on Poland. Poland was rushed into signing, which it refused to do. With Poland already isolated on three sides, Hitler's next move was obvious. Germany invaded on September 1, 1939 after the Gleiwitz incident.[18]
作者：唐好色 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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二戰初期的地緣政治
