邢国鑫
[个人文集]
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作者：邢国鑫 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton
http://www.state.gov/secretary/
Department Mission Statement
Advance freedom for the benefit of the American people and the international community by helping to build and sustain a more democratic, secure, and prosperous world composed of well-governed states that respond to the needs of their people, reduce widespread poverty, and act responsibly within the international system.
--From the FY 2009 Agency Financial Report,
released December 2009
Bureau of Resource Management
The Bureau of Resource Management (RM) assists foreign affairs agency heads with developing policies, plans, and programs to achieve foreign policy goals. The Assistant Secretary of RM and Chief Financial Officer also coordinates resource requirements to enable the Secretary of State to present integrated international affairs resource submissions to the Office of Management and Budget and to the Congress.
Human Rights
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/hr/index.htm
The protection of fundamental human rights was a foundation stone in the establishment of the United States over 200 years ago. Since then, a central goal of U.S. foreign policy has been the promotion of respect for human rights, as embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The United States understands that the existence of human rights helps secure the peace, deter aggression, promote the rule of law, combat crime and corruption, strengthen democracies, and prevent humanitarian crises.
Because the promotion of human rights is an important national interest, the United States seeks to:
• Hold governments accountable to their obligations under universal human rights norms and international human rights instruments;
• Promote greater respect for human rights, including freedom from torture, freedom of expression, press freedom, women's rights, children's rights, and the protection of minorities;
• Promote the rule of law, seek accountability, and change cultures of impunity;
• Assist efforts to reform and strengthen the institutional capacity of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the UN Commission on Human Rights; and
• Coordinate human rights activities with important allies, including the EU, and regional organizations.
The Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL) applies three key principles to its work on human rights:
First, DRL strives to learn the truth and state the facts in all of its human rights investigations, reports on country conditions, speeches and votes in the UN, and asylum profiles. Each year, DRL develops, edits, and submits to Congress a 5,000-page report on human rights conditions in over 190 countries that is respected globally for its objectivity and accuracy. DRL also provides relevant information on country conditions to the Immigration and Naturalization Service and immigration judges in asylum cases.
Second, DRL takes consistent positions concerning past, present, and future abuses. With regard to past abuses, it actively promotes accountability. To stop ongoing abuses, the bureau uses an "inside-outside" approach that combines vigorous, external focus on human rights concerns (including the possibility of sanctions) with equally robust support for internal reform. To prevent future abuses, it promotes early warning and preventive diplomacy. Each year DRL ensures that human rights considerations are incorporated into U.S. military training and security assistance programs; promotes the rights of women through international campaigns for political participation and full equality; conducts high-level human rights dialogues with other governments; coordinates U.S. policy on human rights with key allies; and raises key issues and cases through diplomatic and public channels.
Third, DRL forges and maintains partnerships with organizations, governments, and multilateral institutions committed to human rights. The bureau takes advantage of multilateral fora to focus international attention on human rights problems and to seek correction. Each year, DRL provides significant technical, financial, or staff support for U.S. delegations to the annual meetings of several international human rights organizations; conducts regular consultations with Native American tribes and serves as the Secretary's principal advisor on international indigenous rights issues; maintains relations with the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights; and supports the creation of effective multilateral human rights mechanisms and institutions for accountability.
Appendix A: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108544.htm
International Religious Freedom Report 2008
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Preamble
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,
Now, therefore, The General Assembly, proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of a kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person.
Article 4
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 6
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
Article 11
1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense.
2. No one shall be held guilty without any limitation due to race, of any penal offence on account of nationality or religion, have the any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed.
Article 12
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 13
1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
Article 14
1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 15
1. Everyone has the right to a nationality.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor be denied the right to change his nationality.
Article 16
1. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
Article 17
1. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20
1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
2. No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21
1. Everyone has the right to take part in the Government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
2. Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Article 22
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Article 23
1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration insuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
4. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Article 24
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25
1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26
1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
Article 27
1. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29
1. Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.
2. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
3. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 30
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
Hundred and eighty-third plenary meeting
Resolution 217(A)(III) of the United Nations General Assembly,
December 10, 1948
(This material is in the public domain and may be reprinted without permission; citation of this source is appreciated.)
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108544.htm
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U.S. Ambassador Jon Huntsman
Biography
Jon Huntsman
Ambassador
CHINA
Term of Appointment: 08/11/2009 to present
Jon Huntsman was tapped by President Barack Obama to serve as United States Ambassador to China in May 2009 and his nomination was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate. Huntsman was sworn in as Ambassador immediately following his resignation as the Governor of Utah on Tuesday, August 11, 2009 at 11:30 a.m.
Huntsman was elected twice as Governor of Utah, including in 2008 with a record percent of the vote, including the majority in all 29 counties. As Governor, Huntsman governed with his eye toward maintaining Utah’s unparalleled quality of life, continually increasing the state’s economic competitiveness and maximizing funding to Utah’s public education system.
Huntsman’s breadth of experience in Asia has been developed over a lifetime of interest and involvement. He has previously lived in Asia three times and speaks fluent Mandarin Chinese.
Huntsman’s public service career began as a White House staff assistant to President Ronald Reagan and has since included appointments as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Asia, U.S. Ambassador to Singapore and Deputy U.S. Trade Representative. As a U.S. Trade Ambassador, Huntsman negotiated dozens of free trade agreements, trade and investment framework agreements and brokered other bi-lateral and multi-lateral trade agreements for the United States with China, Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, India, Vietnam, West Africa, South Africa and other Asian and African nations. He played a critical role in launching global trade negotiations in Doha, Qatar in November of 2001, guiding the simultaneous accession of China and Taiwan into the World Trade Organization.
He is a founding director of the Pacific Council on International Policy and has served on various boards such as the Brookings Institute Asia Policy Board, the Center for Strategic and International Studies Pacific Forum, the Asia Society in New York and the National Bureau of Asian Research.
During his tenure as Governor, Utah was repeatedly recognized by many prestigious organizations for its dynamism, business climate and quality of life. Perhaps most importantly, Utah was named by the Pew Center as the Best Managed State in America. Even in times of economic hardship, Huntsman worked collaboratively with stakeholders to minimize impacts to critical human services while maintaining job-stimulating construction projects and keeping the State's Rainy Day Fund intact as a tool for any future fiscal distress.
Recognized nationally for his leadership, Huntsman served as chairman of the Western Governors Association and on the Executive Committee of the National Governors Association.
As a dedicated public servant, Huntsman is committed to serving in this critical post as Ambassador to one of the most important international relationships for the United States of America. He is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and has four honorary doctorate degrees.
Hong Kong Consul General Stephen M. Young
Biographies Listed by Title or Country
Secretary of State
Clinton, Hillary R.
Deputy Secretary of State
Deputy Secretary: James B. Steinberg
Deputy Secretary for Management and Resources: Jacob J. Lew
Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance
Under Secretaries
Arms Control and International Security: Ellen Tauscher
Democracy and Global Affairs: Maria Otero
Economic, Energy and Agricultural Affairs: Robert D. Hormats
Management: Patrick F. Kennedy
Political Affairs: William J. Burns
Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs: Judith McHale
Assistant Secretaries and Other Senior Officials
African Affairs: Johnnie Carson
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Kurt Tong
Chief Information Officer: Susan Swart
Consular Affairs: Janice L. Jacobs
Counselor and Chief of Staff: Cheryl Mills
Counterterrorism: Daniel Benjamin
Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor: Michael H. Posner
Department Spokesman: Ian C. Kelly
Diplomatic Security: Eric J. Boswell
East Asian and Pacific Affairs: Kurt M. Campbell
Economic Envoy to Northern Ireland: Declan Kelly
Economic, Energy, and Business Affairs: Jose W. Fernandez
European and Eurasian Affairs: Philip H. Gordon
Global Women's Issues (Ambassador-at-Large): Melanne Verveer
Human Resources: Nancy J. Powell
Innovation in the Office of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton: Alec Ross
-Inspector General: Vacant
Intelligence and Research: Philip S. Goldberg
International Energy Affairs: David L. Goldwyn
-International Information Programs: Dan Sreebny
International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs: David T. Johnson
International Organization Affairs: Esther Brimmer
Legislative Affairs: Richard R. Verma
Medical Services: Thomas W. Yun
Near Eastern Affairs: Jeffrey Feltman
Ocean, Environment, and Science: Kerri-Ann Jones
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking In Persons: Luis CdeBaca
Overseas Buildings Operations: Adam E. Namm
Policy Planning: Anne-Marie Slaughter
Political-Military Affairs: Andrew J. Shapiro
Public Affairs: Philip J. Crowley
South and Central Asian Affairs: Robert O. Blake
U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator: Eric Goosby
Verification, Compliance, and Implementation: Rose Gottemoeller
War Crimes Issues (Ambassador-at-Large): Clint Williamson
Western Hemisphere Affairs: Arturo Valenzuela
Special Envoys and Special Representatives
Coordinator, Threat Reduction Programs: Bonnie D. Jenkins
Special Adviser for Nonproliferation and Arms Control: Robert J. Einhorn
Special Envoy for Climate Change: Todd Stern
Special Envoy for Conventional Armed Forces in Europe: Victoria Nuland
Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy: Richard L. Morningstar
Special Envoy for Holocaust Issues: Douglas Davidson
Special Envoy for Middle East Peace: George J. Mitchell
Special Envoy for North Korean Human Rights Issues: Dr. Robert R. King
Special Envoy for the Six-Party Talks: Sung Kim
Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism: Hannah Rosenthal
Special Envoy to Sudan: Scott Gration
Special Envoy to the Organization of the Islamic Conference: Rashad Hussain
Special Representative for North Korea Policy: Stephen W. Bosworth
Special Representative of the President for Nuclear Nonproliferation Susan F. Burk
Special Representative to Afghanistan and Pakistan
Special Representative to Muslim Communities: Farah Pandith
Chiefs of Mission Listed by Country or Organization
ASEAN Affairs: Scot Marciel
Afghanistan: Karl W. Eikenberry
Albania: John L. Withers, II
Algeria: David D. Pearce
-Andorra: Alan D. Solomont
Angola: Dan Mozena
Argentina: Vilma Martinez
Armenia: Marie L. Yovanovitch
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Kurt Tong
Australia: Jeffrey L. Bleich
Austria: William C. Eacho, III
-Azerbaijan: Vacant
Bahamas, The: Nicole A. Avant
Bahrain: Joseph Adam Ereli
Bangladesh: James F. Moriarty
Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean: D. Brent Hardt
-Belarus: Vacant
Belgium: Howard W. Gutman
Belize: Vinai K. Thummalapally
Benin: James Knight
Bermuda: Gregory W. Slayton
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Charles L. English
Botswana: Stephen Nolan
Brazil: Thomas A. Shannon, Jr.
Brunei Darussalam: William E. Todd
Bulgaria: James B. Warlick, Jr.
Burkina Faso: Samuel C. Laeuchli
-Burkina Faso: Vacant
Burma: Larry M. Dinger
Burundi: Pamela J. H. Slutz
Cambodia: Carol A. Rodley
Cameroon: Janet E. Garvey
Canada: David C. Jacobson
Cape Verde: Marianne M. Myles
Central African Republic: Frederick B. Cook
Chad: Louis Nigro
Chile: Paul E. Simons
China: Jon Huntsman
Colombia: William R. Brownfield
-Comoros: R. Niels Marquardt
Conference on Disarmament: Laura E. Kennedy
Congo, Democratic Republic of: William J. Garvelink
Congo, Republic of: Alan Eastham
Costa Rica: Anne Slaughter Andrew
Cote d'Ivoire: Wanda Nesbitt
Croatia: James B. Foley
Cuba: Jonathan D. Farrar
Cyprus: Frank C. Urbancic, Jr.
-Czech Republic: Vacant
Denmark: Laurie S. Fulton
Djibouti: James C. Swan
Ecuador: Heather M. Hodges
Egypt: Margaret Scobey
Equatorial Guinea: Frances Chisholm
Eritrea: Ronald McMullen
Estonia: Michael C. Polt
Ethiopia: Roger A. Meece
European Union: William E. Kennard
Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga, Tuvalu: C. Steven McGann
Finland: Bruce J. Oreck
France: Charles H. Rivkin
Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe: Eunice S. Reddick
Gambia: Barry L Wells
Georgia: John R. Bass
Germany: Philip D. Murphy
Ghana: Donald Teitelbaum
Greece: Daniel V. Speckhard
Guatemala: Stephen G. McFarland
-Guinea: Elizabeth Raspolic
Guyana: John Melvin Jones
Haiti: Kenneth H. Merten
Holy See: Miguel Humberto Diaz
Honduras: Hugo Llorens
Hong Kong: Stephen M. Young
Human Rights Council: Eileen Chamberlain Donahoe
Hungary: Eleni Tsakopoulos Kounalakis
-Iceland: Vacant
India: Timothy J. Roemer
Indonesia: Cameron R. Hume
Iraq: Christopher R. Hill
Ireland: Daniel Rooney
Israel: James B. Cunningham
Italy: David Thorne
Japan: John V. Roos
Jerusalem: Jacob Walles
Jordan: Robert Stephen Beecroft
Kazakhstan: Richard E. Hoagland
Kenya: Michael E. Ranneberger
Kosovo: Christopher William Dell
Kuwait: Deborah K. Jones
Kyrgyz Republic: Tatiana C. Gfoeller
Laos: Ravic Huso
Latvia: Judith G. Garber
Lebanon: Michele J. Sison
Lesotho: Robert Nolan
Liberia: Linda Thomas-Greenfield
Libya: Gene Cretz
-Liechtenstein: Donald S. Beyer, Jr.
Lithuania: Anne E. Derse
Luxembourg: Cynthia Stroum
Macedonia: Philip T. Reeker
Madagascar and Comoros: R. Niels Marquardt
Malawi: Peter Bodde
-Malaysia: Vacant
Mali: Gillian Milovanovic
Malta: Douglas W. Kmiec
Marshall Islands: Martha Campbell
Mauritania: Mark Boulware
-Mauritius and Seychelles: Vacant
Mauritius/Seychelles: Virginia M. Blaser
Mexico: Carlos Pascual
Micronesia: Peter A. Prahar
Moldova: Asif Chaudhry
-Monaco: Charles H. Rivkin
Mongolia: Jonathan Addleton
Montenegro: Roderick W. Moore
Morocco: Samuel Louis Kaplan
Mozambique: Leslie V. Rowe
Namibia: Gail D. Mathieu
Nepal: Scott H. DeLisi
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba: Timothy J. Dunn
Netherlands: Fay Hartog Levin
New Zealand and Samoa: David Huebner
Nicaragua: Robert J. Callahan
Niger: Bernadette M. Allen
Niger: Eric P. Whitaker
Nigeria: Robin R. Sanders
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Ivo Daalder
Norway: Barry B. White
Oman: Gary A. Grappo
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): Karen Kornbluh
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): Ian Kelly
Organization of American States: Carmen Lomellin
Pakistan: Anne W. Patterson
Panama: Barbara J. Stephenson
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu: Teddy B. Taylor
Paraguay: Liliana Ayalde
Peru: P. Michael McKinley
-Philippines: Vacant
Poland: Lee A. Feinstein
-Portugal: Vacant
Qatar: Joseph LeBaron
Romania: Mark Gitenstein
Russia: John Beyrle
Rwanda: W. Stuart Symington
-San Marino: David Thorne
Saudi Arabia: James B. Smith
Senegal and Guinea-Bissau: Marcia Bernicat
Serbia: Mary Burce Warlick
-Sierra Leone: Vacant
Singapore: David I. Adelman
-Singapore: Vacant
-Slovakia: Vacant
-Slovenia: Vacant
South Africa: Donald H. Gips
South Korea: Kathleen Stephens
Spain: Alan D. Solomont
Sri Lanka and the Maldives: Patricia A. Butenis
Sudan: Robert E. Whitehead
Suriname: John R. Nay
Swaziland: Earl M. Irving
Sweden: Matthew W. Barzun
Switzerland: Donald S. Beyer, Jr.
Syria: Charles F. Hunter
Tajikistan: Kenneth E. Gross
Tanzania: Alfonso E. Lenhardt
Thailand: Eric G. John
Timor-Leste: Hans G. Klemm
Togo: Patricia McMahon Hawkins
Tunisia: Robert F. Godec
Turkey: James F. Jeffrey
U.S. Mission to UNESCO: David T. Killion
Uganda: Jerry P. Lanier
Ukraine: John F. Tefft
United Arab Emirates: Richard Olson
United Kingdom: Louis B. Susman
United Nations in Geneva: Betty E. King
United Nations/Rome: Ertharin Cousin
United Nations: Susan E. Rice, U.S. Permanent Representative
Uruguay: David D. Nelson
Uzbekistan: Richard B. Norland
Venezuela: Patrick Duddy
Vietnam: Michael W. Michalak
Yemen: Stephen Seche
Zambia: Donald Booth
Zimbabwe: Charles A. Ray
Biography
Michael H. Posner
Assistant Secretary
BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR
Term of Appointment: 09/23/2009 to present
Michael H. Posner was sworn in as Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor on September 23, 2009.
Prior to joining State Department, Mr. Posner was the Executive Director and then President of Human Rights First. As its Executive Director he helped the organization earn a reputation for leadership in the areas of refugee protection, advancing a rights-based approach to national security, challenging crimes against humanity, and combating discrimination. He has been a frequent public commentator on these and other issues, and has testified dozens of times before the U.S. Congress. In January 2006, Mr. Posner stepped down as Executive Director to become the President of Human Rights First, a position he held until his appointment as Assistant Secretary.
Mr. Posner played a key role in proposing and campaigning for the first U.S. law providing for political asylum, which became part of the Refugee Act of 1980. In 1998, he led the Human Rights First delegation to the Rome conference at which the statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) was adopted.
Mr. Posner also has been a prominent voice in support of fair, decent, and humane working conditions in factories throughout the global supply chain. As a member of the White House Apparel Industry Partnership Task Force, he helped found the Fair Labor Association (FLA), an organization that brings together corporations, local leaders, universities, and NGOs to promote corporate accountability for working conditions in the apparel industry. He also was involved in the development of the Global Network Initiative, a multi-stakeholder initiative aimed at promoting free expression and privacy rights on the internet.
Before joining Human Rights First, Mr. Posner was a lawyer with Sonnenschein, Nath & Rosenthal in Chicago. He lectured at Yale Law School from 1981 to 1984, and again in 2009. He was a visiting lecturer at Columbia University Law School since 1984. A member of the California Bar and the Illinois Bar, he received his J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley Law School (Boalt Hall) in 1975, and a B.A. with distinction and honors in History from the University of Michigan in 1972.
Biography
Maria Otero
Under Secretary
DEMOCRACY AND GLOBAL AFFAIRS
Term of Appointment: 08/10/2009 to present
Spanish Version
María Otero was sworn in as Under Secretary of State for Democracy and Global Affairs on August 10, 2009. She oversees and coordinates U.S. foreign relations on a variety of global issues, including democracy, human rights, and labor; environment, oceans, health and science; population, refugees, and migration; trafficking in persons and avian and pandemic influenza.
Ms. Otero was formerly the president and CEO of ACCION International, a pioneer and leader in microfinance working in 25 countries in around the globe. Under Ms. Otero’s tenure as CEO, ACCION’s network of microfinance institutions expanded its reach from serving 460,000 people to over 3.7 million, through a combined portfolio that grew from $274 million to nearly $3.6 billion. She is a leading voice on sustainable microfinance, publishing extensively on the subject and speaking throughout the world on microfinance, women’s issues and poverty alleviation.
Prior to ACCION, Ms. Otero was the Economist for Latin America for the Women in Development office of USAID. She also served for five years at the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA).
Ms. Otero’s awards and recognition include selection by Newsweek in October 2005 as one of the United States’ 20 most influential women; Hispanic Business Magazine’s ‘Elite Women of 2007’; Notre Dame University’s Distinguished Service in Latin America Award; and the Ellis Island Medal of Honor.
In June 2006, Ms. Otero was appointed by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan to the UN Advisors Group on Inclusive Financial Sectors. She sits on the board of the U.S. Institute of Peace, a position to which she was originally appointed by President Clinton and now holds as the State Department representative. Ms. Otero has chaired the board of Bread for the World, and also served on the boards of the Calvert Foundation, Public Welfare Foundation, the Inter-American Foundation and BRAC Holding of Bangladesh. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Born in La Paz, Bolivia, Ms. Otero is currently the highest ranking Hispanic official at the State Department, and the first Latina Under Secretary in its history.
Ms. Otero holds an M.A. in literature from the University of Maryland, an M.A. in international relations from Johns Hopkins’ Nitze School for Advanced International Studies (SAIS), in Washington, D.C, and an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Dartmouth College. Since 1997, she has also served as an adjunct professor at SAIS.
作者：邢国鑫 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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鑫师急，新话题！威：芦老大与冰冰妈妈难叫? 耶！VS 空老二: 唯小人与女子难教! 耶！
