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 Koguryo was murdered by China |
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The Koguryo Language -- Anonymous - (3150 Byte) 2003-8-06 周三, 下午9:11 (117 reads) |
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作者：Anonymous 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
Koguryo Culture
The koguryo Kingdom was founded around 37 B.C. by the Maek(j~)Tribe, who inhabited the narrow river basin in the middle region of the Yalu River. The kingdom developed uninterruptedly from this foundation, and in 313 A.D. drove out the Chinese Lolang. By 427 A.D. thecapital city was moved to Pyongyang. Continuous territorial expansion took place, so that at its maximum Koguryo territory ranged from the Amur River of Manchuria in the north, to the areas of the Han River in the south.The culture of the Koguryo Kingdom is characterized by its international nature and its rapid cultural advancement. The kingdom took a leading role in the creation of unique EastAsian cultures by its acceptance of various cultural elements from areas such as China, the Northern nomadic tribes, Lolang, and the Buddhist religion.
Continuous development of the culture took place through the acceptanceof various foreign cultures, and their intermixing with the indigenuousculture.In addition, the Koguryo Kingdom made a large contribution to the formation of traditional Korean culture, through the active dissemination of new ideas and innovations to the other twostates of the period, the Paekche Kingdom and the Shilla Kingdom.
Areas of particular advancement and development included astronomy,geography, dance, handicraft and the arts. Such features of the Koguryo culturecan be seen to some degree in such elements as Koguryo mural paintings, the stele of King Kwanggaeto, and the defensive mountain castles. Mountain castlesin this period are located on hills or mountain sides at strategic points, suchas centres of transport networks. These hill-top castles commanded extensiveareas of fields and river valleys.
Tombs
Tombs of the Koguryo Kingdom may be classified into two types; stone-mound tombs, and stone-chamber tombs covered with an earthen mound. In most instances these tombs were built on river-sideplateaus, or on mountain foothills overlooking area of river basin.
The construction of stone-mound tombs dates to the earlier stages of the Koguryo Kingdom, and they are most commonly found along the Yalu River, and itsbranches. These mounds initially had a simple stone-covered form, but later changed to become step-pyramid tombs. These enormous stone mound tombs, withtheir stone chambers, are presumed to be royal tombs. The Changgunchong Tomb, the Taewangnung Tomb, and the Chonchuchong Tomb are the most famous examples of this type.
With the decline of the stone-mound tombs, stone chamber tombs covered with an earthen mound first appear. Stonechamber tombs may be divided into singlechamber tombs and multiipl le-ch amber tombs, according to the number of chambers. In the earlier stage the chamber walls were built with stone slabs or rough stones, whilst in later examples the walls were built with finely worked stone blocks. In addition, there were various ceiling styles, including flat ceilings, archedceilings, and intersecting-triangular ceilings, and so on. It is the intersectingtri angular ceiling which is especially typical of the tombs of the Koguryo Kingdom.
Some stone-chamber tombs contain mural paintings. In the early periodthese mural paintings were drawn onto the plastered wall, but over time they gradually began to be drawn directly onto the water-polished walls. The themes of the mural paintings also changed, with episodes from the life of the buriedcouple being most common in the early period, whilst in the later periods depictions of the Four Divine Imaginary Animals were standard. The use of colour was also heightened in this later period, whislst various decorative motifs such as lotus flowers, flames, floral arabesques, the constellations, the sun and the moon came into use.
Head-Wear
Various different types of head-wear are known from the Koguryo Kingdom as illustrated in historical records andmural paintings: the so-called cowl-shaped cholpung head-wear, the chaek head-wear with its protruding back and headwear made of silk, etc. Sometimes cholpung head-wear was decorated with feathers or feather- shaped metalornaments.
The wearer of chaek had a higher social status than the wearer of cowl-shaped cholpting. The color of the silk headwear also demonstrated the wearer' 's status: white for king and blue for his court-officials.
Existing head-wear of the Koguryo Kingdom includes; a gilt-bronze crown considered to be the crown of a Buddhist statue' s from the Chongam-ri MoundCastle in Pyongyang City, and a gilt-bronze crown decorated with floral designs, discovered from Pyongyang area. Diadem ornaments were also found from the Usanha tomb No.3560, and a tomb at Hwangsong-ri, Taedong County. The diademornament from the Wusanha Tomb No.3560 has both honeysuckle and Tshaped design, Whilst that from a tomb at Whasong-ri is a gilt-bronze, thin half-moon shaped, diaden ornament with circular and petal designs.
Pottery
The pottery of the Koguryo Kingdom underwent alterations in both shape and fabric over time; there are three main stages. The early stage before or after 0 A.D. witnessed the appearance oflight-brown pottery made of sand-tempered fabric and dark-brown or black burnished pottery made of a fine fabric.The middle stage saw the appearance of new types of pottery such as bottles, cups with ears, portable ceramic stoves or hearths, tripod pottery,and so on. The pottery of this period sometimes has line-designs on its shoulder and body and was made of a fine clay fabric, wheel-thrown, and fired at a relatively high temperature. Colours include grey, yellowish-brown and black. In addition, under Chinese influence, yellowish-brown glazed potterybegan to be made and celadons of the Chinese East Jin Dynasty were imported to the Koguryo Kingdom during this period.
In the later stage, after the 6th century A.D., pottery made of fine clay fabric appears, as has been recovered from the stone chamber tombs of the Koguryo Kingdom. This pottery is grey, black, or yellow in colour. Polished lightly drawn designs on the pottery beginto appear, as do a variety of types of decorative pottery, such as ink grinding stones called 'pyoru' , ceramic pillows, chamberpots, etc.
Roof-tiles and bricks
Roof-files were produced from the earliest period of the KoguryoKingdom, the Kuknaesung stage, through to the later periods, when we see the adoption of Chinese roof-tile production techniques. Roof-end tiles with lotus designs first appeared in the second part of the 4th century A.D. after the introduction of Buddhism, the lotus being the symbolic flower of Buddhism.During its initial introduction, these lotus design tiles had divisions within which the lotus florals were incised, but over time such divisions disappeared and various new patterns were adopted.
The lotus designs themselves were sharply embossed with thick patterns and lines giving us strong, dynamic impressions. These tiles were of a reddish brown colour. In addition, semi circular roof-end tiles, unique to the Koguryo Kingdom, had various other diverse decorative motifs on them, such as monster-faces, toads, clouds, geometric patterns and so on. On the roof fileswith monster faced designs, the monster' s eyes and teeth were exaggerated and sharply pronounced.
Several different kinds of bricks are known, including bricks for building tombs, and paving bricks. Most bricks are rectangular or square without any design but there are some special bricks, such as those with coinpatterns or inscriptions. Bricks with inscriptions were found from Chonchuchong, the tomb of Chonchu, which means a thousand years, and Taewangneung, the
作者：Anonymous 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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