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作者：芦笛 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
就义务教育问题答消极贤甥
芦笛
刚才看见消贤甥（恭喜恭喜，作法官了，老舅与有荣焉）问我：
【老舅您把我搞糊涂了：到底什么是义务教育？
您说您读中小学是父母供养，根本不是义务教育。您的义务教育是
怎么定义的？
我认为不交学费的都是义务教育。我从小到大在中国读书没有交过
学费。中小学是叫书本学杂费，大学没交钱，研究生有点生活费。
我认为这就是义务教育，当然我也承担责任，比如我出国时没有完
成服务期就要交培养费，如方某人和老马得了便宜卖乖，就不好了。
国内的中小学收费是叫乱收费问题，从原则上说至少9年义务教育不
能收费。所以好的小学初中是收赞助费，高中也是如此。不象国外
就是学费tuition，其他什么住宿费等等不算学费。
真正国内放开高等教育收费是97年，研究生收费是2000年以后，而切
是所谓的双轨制，还是看成绩好坏。现在我就不清楚了。】
“义务教育”是西方用语，也就是强迫教育，国家立法规定受教育是公民义务，无论是学生还是家长都不许逃避。一般实行义务教育的现代国家同时实行免费教育，所谓免费包括教育所需的一切费用，诸如学费、杂费，甚至书籍课本费，家长只负责伙食费，现代国家都如此，在欧洲尤其普遍。那儿的公立学校和私立的教育质量相差远没有美国的悬殊。
中国正式立法实行义务教育，乃是后毛时代的事，但那完全是假事，月臣同志的跟帖介绍得非常清楚，建议你去补课。http://216.128.72.50:4040/showtopic.asp?ID=2569858&Parent=2569782
我已经讲得清清楚楚，文革前没有什么义务教育一说。国家没有这种立法（其实国家除了个宪法和婚姻法之外，什么立法都没有。就连有个宪法都还是斯大林建议的结果），学校也不实行免费教育。我从幼儿园到高中毕业，父母必须负责我的全部费用，包括伙食费、学费、杂费、教科书、练习本、笔墨纸张，everything。学期末发复习讲义，还得临时交讲义费，每学期旅行若干次，如果是坐车去，还要交车费、门票，等等。反正每个大子都是家长的责任。我一直走读，只在高中住过不到两学期的校，也要交住宿费，但不是很多。
正因为此，我才会在《黑崽子》中写道：
Education was not free. From university down to kindergarten, one had to pay for everything: tuition, books and food. My father only had a modest salary. To cover all our expenditure with it would be "to put out a fire on a cart full of wood with a cup of water". There were two ways to fill the gap: either to ask the older children to leave university or for Mother to toil herself to her last breath. For Mother, it was a simple matter since the first option never occurred to her.
………
This feverish toil eventually ruined her health. After a few years, her eye-sight was seriously damaged . Also she suffered from hypertension and rheumatism. Finally, one day she collapsed on the floor in the workshop and had to be sent to hospital.
She left the hospital as soon as she could walk with the help of her children. She had no money to pay the bill. She asked Lusheng to collect nettles and other herbs and make a soup with them. This medicine somehow relieved her hypertension. Once she got a little better, she went back to her work again. Similarly, she never gave in to rheumatism. When her knees were so swollen that she could not put on her trousers, she just made them baggier and carried on toiling as usual.
Even so, the income was still not enough. The beginning of a new academic term was always the worst time. When I saw Mother frowning, I would know it was for the tuition fees. Then we kids would sit on the kerb of our street with a few things in front of us: pieces of furniture, brocade, silk, porcelains, etc.
The major undertaking was more clandestine. It was the job of Lusheng and Luxiao, both being much more quick-witted than me and thus suited for the underground activities. The job started in our inner room when our neighbors were out. Luxiao would use pliers to remove the precious stones from a ring, a brooch, or a bracelet which used to be Mother's jewellery, and threw the stones into the drains or hammered them into powder on a brick. The gold frame would then be hammered into a coarse piece so that nobody could recognize what it had been. Then either he or Lusheng would hold it in his or her pocket, take it to a bank and sell it using a pseudo name. The reincarnation of the jewellery was absolutely necessary, as the bank (like a toilet, it belongs to the government) only bought precious metal by weight. There were no jewellery shops and only a maniac would try to sell it to ask for trouble. For reasons I do not understand even now, a child selling precious metal was less suspicious.
这一套似乎在文革中废除了，但具体情况如何，我不知道。我知道的就是如今国家虽然通过义务教育的立法，但收费其实远比咱们当年的蝎虎，学校完全是丧心病狂、疯狂牟利的商业机构。老话说：“衙门口，朝南开，有理无钱莫进来”，现在是不折不扣的“学校（医院）门口朝南开，想学（有病）无钱莫进来”，教师和大夫一样，成了知识分子中的富豪。月臣网友介绍的不过是九牛一毛。
我也交代过了，我上大学是带薪，比老非老东西风光，他好像是自费的。当时的规定是工龄在５年以上即可带薪。我当时是２级工，也就是３０多元钱４０不到。学费免了，书籍费杂费自理，也没有住宿费。伙食费当然是自付。研究生拿的是助学金，要比参加工作的本科毕业生少拿１０元左右。不收住宿费和杂费，但书籍费必须自付。
作者：芦笛 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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就义务教育问题答消极贤甥
