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作者：资料 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001.
Holocaust
(hl磌魋t创, h磍? (KEY) , name given to the period of persecution and extermination of
European Jews by Nazi Germany. Although anti-Semitism in Europe has a long history,
persecution of German Jews began with Hitler抯 rise to power in 1933. Jews were
disenfranchised, then terrorized in anti-Jewish riots (such as Kristallnacht), forced into the
ghettos, their property seized, and finally were sent to concentration camps. After the outbreak
of World War II, Hitler established death camps to secretly implement what he called 搕he final
solution of the Jewish question.?Extermination squads were also sent to the fronts: In one
operation alone, over 30,000 Jews were killed at Babi Yar, outside Kiev. After 450,000 Jews
were sent to death camps from the Warsaw Ghetto, news of their fate led the last 60,000 to
rebel (1943), fighting until they were killed, captured, or escaped to join the resistance. The
main Jewish resistance was spiritual: observing their religion and refraining from suicide, while
Zionists evacuated some to Palestine. By the end of the war 6 million Jews had been
systematically murdered. The Allies refused rescue attempts and American Jews were warned
against attempting them. While the European churches were silent, some clergy and individual
non-Jews saved many. The Danes sent all Danish Jews to Sweden in private boats in the face
of the Nazi takeover.
After the war Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes at Nuremburg, and West Germany later
adopted (1953) the Federal Compensation Law, under which billions of dollars were paid to
those who survived Nazi persecution. In the mid-1990s a number of suits were filed against
Swiss banks that held accounts belonging to Holocaust victims but had denied the fact and
failed to restore the money. A settlement reached in 1998 established a $1.25 billion fund to be
used to compensate those who can document their claims and, more generally, Holocaust
survivors, the latter as restitution for undocumented accounts and for Swiss profits on Nazi
accounts involving Holocaust victims?property. In 1998 the Roman Catholic Church issued a
document acknowledging Catholic complicity in the long-standing European anti-Semitism that
was background to the Holocaust. Under the terms of an agreement signed in 2000 by the
United States and Germany, a $5 billion fund was established by the German government and
German industry to compensate those who were slave or forced laborers or who suffered a
variety of other losses under the Nazi regime.
The destruction of European Jewry has demanded a reevaluation by Jews the world over. The
renascent Jewish community in the state of Israel, itself largely a byproduct of the Holocaust,
now serves as a focal point for much of this energy. A vast literature consisting of histories,
diaries, memoirs, poetry, novels, and prayers has emerged in an effort to understand the
Holocaust in terms of its religious and secular implications. The secular materials attempt to
explain how it happened and the reactions of the victims; some have suggested that an
underlying and pervasive anti-Semitism in Germany was fueled by a deep and complete despair
combined with a corrosive and unacknowleged sense of worthlessness that had been created
by crushing and humiliating hardships and the disintegration of the Weimar Republic. The
religious materials focus on the problem of whether one can still speak in traditional Jewish
terms of a God, active in history, who rewards the righteous and who maintains a unique
relationship with the Jewish people. Museums and memorials have been established in a number
of cities worldwide to preserve the memory of the Holocaust.
See M. Buber, Eclipse of God (1952); E. Wiesel, Night (1960) and Legends of Our Time
(1968); R. L. Rubenstein, After Auschwitz (1966); A. H. Friedlander, ed., Out of the
Whirlwind (1968); L. Davidowisz, The War against the Jews (1975); D. S. Wyman, The
Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust (1984); C. Browning, Ordinary
Men (1992); I. W. Charny, ed., Holding on to Humanity桾he Message of Holocaust
Survivors: The Shamai Davidson Papers (1992); R. Hilberg, The Destruction of European
Jews (3 vol., 1985) and Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe,
1933?945 (1992); D. J. Goldhagen, Hitler抯 Willing Executioners (1996); S. Friedl鋘der,
Nazi Germany and the Jews (Vol. I, 1997); W. D. Rubinstein, The Myth of Rescue (1997);
I. Clendinnen, Reading the Holocaust (1999); O. Bartov, Mirrors of Destruction: War,
Genocide, and Modern Identity (2000). See also C. Lanzmann, dir., Shoah (two-part
documentary film, 1985).
作者：资料 在 罕见奇谈 发贴, 来自 http://www.hjclub.org |
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大屠杀Holocaust
